Trade Unions in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Trade Unions in Bangladesh Essay Trade unions in bangladesh and its impact Presentation Transcript †¢ 1. TRADE UNIONS IN BANGLADESH AND ITS IMPACTSubmitted By:Md. Omar Faruq Chowdhury -045 12601 Submission Date: 28th November 2012 1 †¢ 2. Contentsa. Definitionb. Causes of organizing trade unionsc. Objectivesd. History of Trade Unionse. Limitationsf. Positive impactsg. Negative impacts:h. Present Scenarioi. Suggestionsj. Conclusion 2 †¢ 3. Definition-Trade Union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve commongoals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing thenumber of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. -An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed toprotect and further their rights and interests.-A group of employees in a particular sector, whose aim is to negotiate with employees overpay, job security, working hours, etc. using the collective power of the members.-The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improvingthe conditions of their employment. 3 †¢ 4. Causes of organizing trade unions†¢ Provision of benefits to members: professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership.†¢ Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals.†¢ Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties.†¢ Conditions of employment and any grievances – are settled through trade unions.†¢ Bargaining rights: Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, wages and demands of workers of the modern world of industry.†¢ Contribution in economical growth: Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the expansion of business and economical growth. 4 †¢ 5. ObjectivesTrade unions are the only way to manage, compliant, and control the labor force. Lots of objectives arethere to organize trade unions.1. To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a change inthe economic order.2. To strengthen their (labor) bargaining power collectively to establish and achieve all their rights.3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers .And from the management’s point of view theobjectives as written:a. To reduce the number  of negotiation.b. To specify work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim.c. To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards.d. To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not defined; rather these are changing according to the need of t he economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started. 5 †¢ 6. History of Trade Unions-The British rulers introduced Trade Union Act, 1926. The main purpose of the Act was to provideregistration for trade unions and in certain respects. But the Act did not contain any provisionregarding strikes.-In 1929, the Trade Disputes Act put restrictions on strikes in public utility services and laidprovision for the establishment of tribunals to adjudicate upon the labor disputes.-In 1947, the Industrial Disputes Act placed the conciliation and adjudication machinery for thesettlement of industrial disputes on a permanent footing. 6 †¢ 7. History of Trade UnionsThe Pakistan Period (1947-71)-The East Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926.-The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted.-Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above two Acts.Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards)-Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972. The right to strike and collectivebargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 inMay 1972.-In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn.-In 1974 Act completely suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade unionactivities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective bargaining.-The military regime of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining.-The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of Freedom ofAssociation-The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable extent-In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. 7 †¢ 8. History of Trade Unions-Full trade union activities were restored by the democratic government in 1991.-In 2006, an updated, consolidated and unified version of labor laws was enacted.-During the Emergency in 2007 -2008 that lasted for 23 months, trade unions and  collective bargainingwere prohibited and the determination of collective bargaining agent could not be made. -However, full trade union activities were restored by the democratic government in 2009. 8 †¢ 9. LimitationsIn Bangladesh Trade Unions have a lot of unavoidable problems:1. Lack of consciousness: Trade union are not actually completely aware about employees legal rights and duties.2. Lack of Unity: In Bangladesh trade unions are separated for political influence.3. Lack of knowledge: The workers of Bangladesh don’t have enough knowledge about theirrights and duties.4. Political influence: In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a freeright saving association.5. Division of trade union: Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more tradeunions in name only. The overall productivity got down. 9 †¢ 10. Positive impacts†¢ Trade union plays a major role in creating ideal working conditions.†¢ Trade union always helps management to create better policies for workers. †¢ Trade unions negotiate for the standard wage and benefits with the management.†¢ Trade union helps the management to increases the productivity as well as the profit.†¢ Political influence’s existence makes the trade union not to interfere in management decisions.†¢ Trade union is hugely helping the management to produce more and implementing management tactics. 10 †¢ 11. Negative impacts†¢ Trade Unions are creating a surplus of manpower but not of productivity.†¢ Trade union of Bangladesh bargains more than they understand because of the limitations of their knowledge. If don’t consult then they strike.†¢ Trade Unions have equal power of management then clashes are started.†¢ In companies labors are awarded for good work and threatened for bad work. But if it’s punished then trade union interfere and don’t let to happen the punishment. So it increases crime of the labors.†¢ Trade union leaders always tr y to save their interest first then the labor.†¢ For the power of politics trade union always dishonor the management. 11 †¢ 12. Present ScenarioCategories Total number of Number of unions Number of members unions/federations includedNational federation 32 1264 1,263,66Industrial federation 108 721 640,221Garments federation 15 80 50,14Basic union 5,242 2,069,61 12 †¢ 13. Suggestions†¢ Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively.†¢ Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced.†¢ Political involvement must be reduced.†¢ Organization  must support financially as trade unions support the worker.†¢ Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers.†¢ Trade union’s function should be increased and widened throughout the organization.†¢ Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. †¢ If trust between workers and management increases, productivity increases.†¢ Management must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis.†¢ Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. 13 †¢ 14. Conclusion-The industrial relation system is pre-dominantly confrontational in nature rather than cooperative inBangladesh.-Although in recent times the rate of unionization has increased in the RMG sector, trade union affiliationis low in Bangladesh compared to many other developing countries .-The promotion of independent trade unions and collective bargaining can contribute to political andsocial stability and consequently create more favorable climate for foreign investment.-Trade unions have an important role to play in settling disputes between workers and management overwages by way of collective bargaining.-All the developing countries trade unions were influenced politically, but they used politics to create abetter solution.-Bangladesh should also start practicing like Japanese trade union which has a single union for singleenterprise. There is no conflict, no unfair means and no strikes in productivity and the growth of theoverall economy.

Computers :: science

Computers A common misconception about computers is that they are smarter than humans. Actually, the degree of a computer ¹s intelligence depends on the speed of its ignorance. Today ¹s complex computers are not really intelligent at all. The intelligence is in the people who design them. Therefore, in order to understand the intelligence of computers, one must first look at the history of computers, the way computers handle information, and, finally, the methods of programming the machines. The predecessor to today ¹s computers was nothing like the machines we use today. The first known computer was Charles Babbage ¹s Analytical Engine; designed in 1834. (Constable 9) It was a remarkable device for its time. In fact, the Analytical Engine required so much power and would have been so much more complex than the manufacturing methods of the time, it could never be built. No more than twenty years after Babbage ¹s death, Herman Hollerith designed an electromechanical machine that used punched cards to tabulate the 1890 U.S. Census. His tabulation machine was so successful, he formed IBM to supply them. (Constable 11) The computers of those times worked with gears and mechanical computation. Unlike today ¹s chip computers, the first computers were non-programmable, electromechnical machines. No one would ever confuse the limited power of those early machines with the wonder of the human brain. An example was the ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was a huge, room-sized machine, designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the military. (Constable 9) ENIAC was built with more than 19,000 vacuum tubes, nine times the amount ever used prior to this. The internal memory of ENIAC was a paltry twenty decimal numbers of ten digits each. (Constable 12) (Today ¹s average home computer can hold roughly 20,480 times this amount.) Today, the chip-based computer easily packs the power of more than 10,000 ENIACs into a silicon chip the size of an infant ¹s fingertip. (Reid 64) The chip itself was invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958, but their crude devices looked nothing like the sleek, paper-thin devices common now. (Reid 66) The first integrated circuit had but four transistors and was half an inch long and narrower than a toothpick. Chips found in today ¹s PCs, such as the Motorola 68040, cram more than 1.2 million transistors onto a chip half an inch square. (Poole 136) The ENIAC was an extremely expensive, huge and complex machine, while PCs now are shoebox-sized gadgets costing but a few thousand dollars. Computers :: science Computers A common misconception about computers is that they are smarter than humans. Actually, the degree of a computer ¹s intelligence depends on the speed of its ignorance. Today ¹s complex computers are not really intelligent at all. The intelligence is in the people who design them. Therefore, in order to understand the intelligence of computers, one must first look at the history of computers, the way computers handle information, and, finally, the methods of programming the machines. The predecessor to today ¹s computers was nothing like the machines we use today. The first known computer was Charles Babbage ¹s Analytical Engine; designed in 1834. (Constable 9) It was a remarkable device for its time. In fact, the Analytical Engine required so much power and would have been so much more complex than the manufacturing methods of the time, it could never be built. No more than twenty years after Babbage ¹s death, Herman Hollerith designed an electromechanical machine that used punched cards to tabulate the 1890 U.S. Census. His tabulation machine was so successful, he formed IBM to supply them. (Constable 11) The computers of those times worked with gears and mechanical computation. Unlike today ¹s chip computers, the first computers were non-programmable, electromechnical machines. No one would ever confuse the limited power of those early machines with the wonder of the human brain. An example was the ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was a huge, room-sized machine, designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the military. (Constable 9) ENIAC was built with more than 19,000 vacuum tubes, nine times the amount ever used prior to this. The internal memory of ENIAC was a paltry twenty decimal numbers of ten digits each. (Constable 12) (Today ¹s average home computer can hold roughly 20,480 times this amount.) Today, the chip-based computer easily packs the power of more than 10,000 ENIACs into a silicon chip the size of an infant ¹s fingertip. (Reid 64) The chip itself was invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958, but their crude devices looked nothing like the sleek, paper-thin devices common now. (Reid 66) The first integrated circuit had but four transistors and was half an inch long and narrower than a toothpick. Chips found in today ¹s PCs, such as the Motorola 68040, cram more than 1.2 million transistors onto a chip half an inch square. (Poole 136) The ENIAC was an extremely expensive, huge and complex machine, while PCs now are shoebox-sized gadgets costing but a few thousand dollars.

The Mirror of the Other and America: The Multinational Society

The issues explored in â€Å"The Mirror of the Other† and â€Å"America: The Multinational Society† point out problems I society that are compounded by the â€Å"mono-cultural† attitudes that Reed and Fuentes tell us to try and avoid. Social problems that take part in â€Å"mono-cultural† attitudes include racism, poverty, and ageism. Carlos Fuentes talks about the interactions between Hispanic culture and Americans inside the United States. In â€Å"America: The Multinational Society†, Ishmael Reed discusses the fact that many cultures influence the United States more than people think. Ishmael Reed believes strongly in the â€Å"western† influence, and incorporates many ideas from it. â€Å"By which they mean, presumably, a civilization created by the people of Europe, as if Europe can be viewed in monolithic terms† (Reed p256). Racism in todays culture filled United States is at an all-time high. The Hispanic culture and the American culture coexist whether we like it or not. â€Å"The two cultures coexist, rubbing shoulders and questioning each other. We have too many common problems, which demand cooperation and understanding in a new world context, to clash as much as we do† (Fuentes, p251-252). Fuentes would believe that â€Å"mono-cultural† attitudes are curable and seen as a disease. Fuentes would address this problem by coming together and living with our differences cooperatively and peacefully. Reed would also agree to come together as one and not be racist. â€Å"Such blurring of cultural styles occurs in everyday life in the United States to a greater extent than anyone can imagine and is probably more prevalent than the sensational conflict between people of different backgrounds that is played up and often encouraged by the media†(Reed, p257). Poverty is the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support. We live in the world's wealthiest nation. Yet 13 percent of people living in the United States live in poverty. In most areas, a family of four needs to earn twice the poverty line to provide children with basic necessities. The â€Å"mono-cultural† attitude towards poverty needs to stop. All cultures need to come together as one and conquer what Hispanics and Americans live through. Fuentes has his own view on family and the way we should act and also pursue closeness with our siblings. â€Å"And of course there is the family – family commitment, fighting to keep the family together, perhaps not avoiding poverty but certainly avoiding a lonely poverty†(Fuentes p252). Ageism is a tendency to regard older persons as debilitated, unworthy of attention, or unsuitable for employment. Fuentes states that elders are like a storybook and are never shunned from society. The care and respect for the elders is something called respeto, the respect for experience and continuity, less than awe at change and novelty. This respect is not limited to old age in itself; in a basically oral culture, the old are the ones who remember stories, who have the store of memory† (Fuentes p252). In Fuentes’s mind the elderly are respected to the highest degree. In his culture the elderly are perceived as a royalty and are of the highest honor. One could almost say that when an old man or an old woman dies in the Hispanic world, a whole library dies with the person† (Fuentes p252). When going through â€Å"The Mirror of the Other† and â€Å"America: The Multinational Society† there are many social problems that take on â€Å"mono-cultural† ideas. Fuentes and Reed challenge this by giving their own ideas. They address problems like racism, poverty, and ageism by giving their answers of combining cultures. Each author takes on these problems with their own ideas and resolutions to stop these social issues.

Historical And Contemporary Figures Of The Field Of Education

There are many historical and contemporary figures that have contributed to the field of education. I have chosen Abigail Adam Eliot as my historical figure and Lucy Calkins as my contemporary figure for connection to history and theory in this discussion. Abigail Adam Eliot (October 9, 1892 – October 29, 1992) She was an early leader in nursery and childhood education and in training teachers for nursery schools. Eliot studied nursery education under Margaret McMillan in England in 1921 at the Rachel McMillan School; she brought the practice of nursery schools to America (Liebovich, 2016). Eliot s Ruggles Street Nursery School followed the McMillan’s example of providing full-day-care for working families, but did not have the same focus on the physical health of the children, rather focusing on creating an intellectually stimulating, child-centric environment and involving parents (many of whom went on to become teachers) in the program. Eliot was a member of the advisory group that organized the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) in 1926 now, National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) in 1964. All things considered, Abigail Eliot aimed to prove that an enriching education for young children requires highly trained teachers and a carefully orga nized learning environment. According to Martha H. Chapman’s history of the Nursery Training School, Eliot’s states her fundamental belief in young children and their education. â€Å"Children areShow MoreRelatedChronological Background To Eal Teaching In Schools. Discussion950 Words   |  4 PagesFirstly, the historical background for research that has taken place into data found from a school census will be considered. Secondly, the current context which research is situated in English schools related to English as an Additional language will be discussed. 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